1. Both of the following programs cause the value x0004 to be stored in location
x3000, but at different times. Explain the difference.
b) .ORIG x4000 AND R0, R0, #0 ADD R0, R0, #4 STI R0, A HALT A .FILL x3000 .END
2. What do each one of these LC-2 instructions do? (Assume all three
instructions are at x3000 when they are executed)
0001 001 001 1 00000
0101 001 001 1 11111
0000 101 000000001
How do they differ from each other?
3. Consider the following LC-2 assembly language program
.ORIG x3000 AND R5, R5, #0 AND R3, R3, #0 ADD R3, R3, #8 LDI R1, A ADD R2, R1, #0 Again ADD R2, R2, R2 ADD R3, R3, #-1 BRp Again LD R4, B AND R1, R1, R4 NOT R1, R1 ADD R1, R1, #1 ADD R2, R2, R1 BRnp No ADD R5, R5, #1 No HALT B .FILL xFF00 A .FILL x4000 .END
4. Write a program in LC-2 assembly language that multiplies the unsigned integer at location
x4000 with the unsigned integer at location x4001 and stores the result at location x4002. Assume
that the numbers are such that their result fits in a 16-bit memory location.
5.
a) The LC-2 JMP/JSR instruction does not execute exactly the same if L=0 and L=1. Why is the case
L=0 irrelevant to the LC-2 ISA?
b) Why is this not also true for the JMPR/JSRR instruction pair?
6. How many cycles do each of the instructions in this short program take to execute on the LC-2?
How many cycles will the entire program take to execute? (Assume that a memory access takes five
cycles)
.ORIG x3000 LD R0, LABEL1 LDR R1, R0, #0 ADD R1, R1, #1 STR R1, R0, #1 TRAP x25 .END
7. The LC-2 has several registers, for example MAR, PC, R0. Which of the three are part of the LC-2
ISA? Explain.
8. In the LC-2 datapath, PCMX has four inputs. For each of those
inputs, give an instruction which makes use of that input and show the
corresponding state in the LC-2 state diagram.
9. The first three states of the LC-2 state machine are:
State 1: MAR <- PC, PC <- PC + 1 State 2: MDR <-M State 3: IR <- MDR
a. State 1: PC <- PC + 1 State 2: MAR <- PC, MDR <-M State 3: IR <- MDR b. State 1: MAR <- PC State 2: PC <- PC + 1, MDR <-M State 3: IR <- MDR c. State 1: MAR <- PC State 2: MDR <- M State 3: IR <- MDR, PC <- PC + 1
10. The definition of the control signals lists four separate signals: GATE_PC, GATE_ALU,
GATE_MDR, and GATE_MARMX. An ingenious designer said: This takes four bits of storage for every
entry in the control store. What if we encode these four signals into two bits, and put a 2 to 4
decoder at the output of those two bits of microinstruction. For a few gates of decoder, we can
save 2 bits of each control store entry. Will it work? Good idea or bad idea? Why?
11. Same problem, except now our ingenious designer moves over to the following four signals:
LD_PC, LD_MAR, LD_MDR, and LD_IR. Same solution. Will it work? Good idea or bad idea? Why?
12. Consider the following possiblities for saving the return address of a subroutine:
13. The LC-2 company has decided it can not afford an opcode to do nothing,
so it commissions a designer to use the NOP opcode to do SUBtract. Augment
the state machine to carry out the instruction SUB R1, R2, R3. The
semantics of this instruction is to set R1 to R3-R2. Assume the addition
to the data path and its control, as shown below. That is,
an additional MUX and a constant 1 register is added to the data path,
and an additional microcontrol signal SUBCORRECT is added to the microinstruction.
Note: The LC-2 Company does not expect you to implement SUBtract Immediate.
------------
| Constant 1 |
------------ From SR2 out
|
|
|
|
|
|
----------------------
\
/
SUBCORRECT ------> \
/
------------------
------
|
----->| SEXT |--------------
|
------
|
|
|
|
-----------------------
\
/
SR2MX ----> \
/
-------------------
|
|
|
To left input of ALU
14. In the ISA of problem 10, opcode 1000 means SUBtract. We must also
fix instruction <5:5> to MBZ (i.e., must be zero).
Why?
At first blush, it appears that there is an imbalance. That is, we
can do ADD immediate and AND immediate, but not SUB immediate. Why does
not implementing SUB immediate not create an imbalance. In other words,
why is it okay to not implement SUB immediate.