Bottom-up approach Transistor Chip Wafer Moore's Law Compiler ISA Algorithm (Computer) Language Electron Computer Architecture ARM x86 PowerPC LC-3 Micro Architecture Circuits Transformation Hierarchy / Software Stack Processor Electronic Idiot Finiteness Definiteness Effective Computability Abstraction Hardware/Software Computer System Processor Memory Peripherals Bit Data types Binary/decimal Arithmetic Logical Operations ALU CODE Hexadecimal 2's complement integer Floating point ASCII Character Bit vector Positional Number System 1's complement sign-magnitude overflow representable numbers fixed point sign extension 2's Complement Complement of a value bit vector logical operator ALU mask floating point excess codes underflow mantissa truth table input combination significand Not a Number De Morgan's law transistors NOT, AND, OR majority function excess codes n-type p-type decoder MUX select lines power/ground floating [signal] gate open/broken circuit closed/short circuit flash drives NAND/ NOR ADD Full adder 3-input AND gate Decoder vs mux PLA programmable logic array combinational logic latch set reset write enable signal gated latch clock quiescent XOR gigabyte addressibility array decoder bit line word line Memory data register (MAR) memory address register (MDR) state sequential logic finite state machine Address transparent latch register clock cycle flip-flop master-slave flip-flop Von Neumann machines instructions memory address space word processing unit input devices output devices control unit opcode operands assembler operate instructions data movement instructions control instruction instruction cycle program counter (PC) instruction pointer datapath Control signals bus tri-state device Instruction register addressing mode register + offset pc + offset literal/immediate value halt operating system help TRAP TRAP vector conditional branch condition codes gating the bus contention (on bus) memory ready bit source register destination register resetting the computer input from keyboard - TRAP x23 pointer output to screen - TRAP x21 NO-OP