Carbon Electronics & Device Physics
H.-S. Philip Wong and Deji Akinwande, Cambridge University Press, 2011.
applications, this is the first introductory textbook on the subject. All the fundamental
concepts are introduced, so that readers without an advanced scientific background can
follow all the major ideas and results. Additional topics covered include nanotube
transistors and interconnects, and the basic physics of graphene. Problem sets at the
end of every chapter allow readers to test their knowledge of the material covered and
gain a greater understanding of the analytical skill sets developed in the text. This
is an ideal textbook for senior undergraduate and graduate students taking courses in
semiconductor device physics and nanoelectronics. It is also a perfect self-study guide
for professional device engineers and researchers.
J. Lee, L. Tao, K. N. Parrish, Y. Hao, R. S. Ruoff, and D. Akinwande, "Multi-finger Flexible Graphene Field Effect Transistors with High Bendability", Applied Physics Letters, just accepted.
J. Lee, T.-J. Ha, K. N. Parrish, Sk. F. Chowdhury, L. Tao, A. Dodabalapur, and D. Akinwande, "High-performance current saturating graphene field-effect transistor with hexagonal boron nitride dielectric on flexible polymeric substrates", IEEE Electron Devices Letters, just accepted.
E. M. Krivoy, S. Rahimi, H. P. Nair, R. Salas, S. J. Maddox, D. J. Ironside, Y. Jiang, V. D. Dasika, D. A. Ferrer, G. Kelp, G. Shvets, D. Akinwande, and S. R. Bank, "Growth and characterization of single crystal rocksalt LaAs using LuAs barrier layers," Applied Physics Letters, vol. 101, pp. 221908-4, 2012.
P. Y. Chen, H. Huang, D. Akinwande, and A. Alu, "Distributed Amplifiers Based on Spindt-Type Field-Emission Nanotriodes," Nanotechnology, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 11, pp. 1201-1211, 2012.
L. Tao, J. Lee, M. Holt, H. Chou, S. McDonnell, D. Ferrer, M. Babenco, R. Wallace, S. Banerjee, R. Ruoff, and D. Akinwande, "Uniform Wafer-Scale Chemical Vapor Deposition of Graphene on Evaporated Cu (111) Film with Quality Comparable to Exfoliated Monolayer", Journal of Physical Chemistry. C, vol. 116, pp. 24068-24074 (2012).
E. M. Krivoy, H. P. Nair, A. M. Crook, S. Rahimi, S. J. Maddox, R. Salas, D. A. Ferrer, V. D. Dasika, D. Akinwande, and S. R. Bank, "Growth and characterization of LuAs films and nanostructures", Applied Physics Letters, vol. 101, pp. 141910 (2012).
K. N. Parrish and D. Akinwande, "An exactly solvable model for the graphene transistor in the quantum capacitance limit," Applied Physics Letters, vol. 101, pp. 053501 (2012).
T.-J. Ha, D. Akinwande, and A. Dodabalapur, "Hybrid graphene/organic semiconductor field-effect transistors", Applied Physics Letters, vol. 101, pp 033309 (2012).
H. Huang, K. Nieman, P. Chen, M. Ferrari, Y. Hu and D. Akinwande, "Properties and Applications of Electrically Small Folded Ellipsoidal Helix Antenna," IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters. vol. 11, pp. 678 - 681 (2012).
M. Ramon, K. Parrish, S. Chowdhury, C. Magnuson, H. Movva, R. Ruoff, S. Banerjee, and D. Akinwande, "3GHz Graphene Frequency Doubler on Quartz Operating Beyond the Transit Frequency", IEEE Trans. on Nanotech., vol, 11, pp. 877 - 883 (2012).
I. N. Kholmanov, M. D. Stoller, J. Edgeworth, W. H. Lee, H. Li, J. Lee, C. Barnhart, J. R. Potts, R. Piner, D. Akinwande, J. E. Barrick, and R. S. Ruff,
"Nanostructured Hybrid Transparent Conductive Films with Antibacterial Properties", ACS Nano, pp. 5157-5163 (2012).
W. H. Lee, J. W. Suk, H. Chou, J. Lee, Y. Hao, Y. Wu, R. Piner, D. Akinwande, K. S. Kim, and R. S. Ruoff, "Selective-Area Fluorination of Graphene with Fluoropolymer and
Laser Irradiation", Nano Letters, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 2374 (2012).
J. Lee, L. Tao, Y. Hao, R. S. Ruoff, and D. Akinwande, "Embedded-gate graphene transistors for high-mobility detachable flexible nanoelectronics", Applied Physics Letters, vol. 100, pp. 152104 (2012).
W. H. Lee, J. W. Suk, J. Lee, Y. Hao, J. Park, J. W. Yang, H.-w. Ha, S. Murali, H. Chou, D. Akinwande, K. Kim and R. Ruoff,
“Simultaneous transfer and doping of CVD-grown graphene by fluoropolymer for transparent conductive films on plastic”, ACS Nano, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 1284 (2012).
L. Tao, J. Lee, H. Chou, M. Holt, R. S. Ruoff and D. Akinwande, “Synthesis
of defect-free monolayer graphene at reduced temperature on hydrogen enriched evaporated copper (111) films”, ACS Nano, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 2319 (2012).
K. N. Parrish and D. Akinwande, "Even-odd symmetry and the conversion efficiency of ideal and practical
graphene transistor frequency multipliers," Applied Physics Letters, vol. 99, pp. 223512 (2011).
L. Tao, J. Lee and D. Akinwande, “Nanofabrication down to 10 nm on a plastic substrate”, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. vol 29, 06FG07 (2011).
M. Ramon, A. Gupta, C. Corbet, D. Ferrer, H. Movva, G. Carpenter, L. Colombo, G. Bourianoff, M. Doczy, D. Akinwande, E. Tutuc, and
S. Banarjee, "CMOS-Compatible Synthesis of Large-Area, High-Mobility Graphene by Chemical Vapor Deposition of Acetylene on Co Thin Films," ACS Nano, vol. 5, pp. 7198 (2011).
A. M. Crook, H. P. Nair, J. H. Lee, D. A. Ferrer, D. Akinwande, and S. R. Bank, "Growth of semimetallic ErAs films epitaxially embedded in GaAs", Proc. of SPIE, vol. 8106 (2011).
K. N. Parrish and D. Akinwande, "Impact of contact resistance on the transconductance and linearity of graphene transistors," Applied Physics Letters, vol. 98, pp. 183505 (2011).
X. Chen, D. Akinwande, K.-J. Lee, G. Close, S. Yasuda, B. C. Paul, S. Fujita, J. Kong and H.-S. P. Wong, "
Fully Integrated Graphene and Carbon Nanotube Interconnects for Gigahertz High-Speed CMOS Electronics," IEEE Trans. on Electron Devices, vol. 57, pp. 3137 - 3143 (2010).
D. Akinwande, N. Patil, A. Lin, Y. Nishi, and H.-S. P. Wong, "Surface Science of Catalyst Dynamics for Aligned Carbon Nanotube Synthesis on a Full-Scale Quartz Wafer," Journal of Physical Chemistry. C, vol. 113, pp. 8002-8008 (2009).
D. Akinwande, Y. Nishi, and H.-S. P. Wong, "Carbon Nanotube Quantum Capacitance for Non-Linear Terahertz Circuits," IEEE Trans. on Nanotech., vol. 8, pp 31, (2009).
D. Akinwande, J. Liang, S. Chong, Y. Nishi, and H.-S. P. Wong, "Analytical Ballistic Theory of Carbon Nanotube Transistors: Experimental Validation, New Device Physics, Parameter Extraction, and Performance Projection," Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 104, pp. 124514 (2008).
D. Akinwande, S. Yasuda, B. Paul, S. Fujita, G. Close, and H.-S. P. Wong, "Monolithic Integration of CMOS VLSI and Carbon Nanotubes for Hybrid Nanotechnology Applications," IEEE Trans. on Nanotechnology, vol. 7, pp. 636-639 (2008).
J. Liang, D. Akinwande, and H.-S. P. Wong, "Carrier Density and Quantum Capacitance for Semiconduting Carbon Nanotubes," Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 104, p. 064515 (2008).
D. Akinwande, Y. Nishi, and H.-S. P. Wong, "An Analytical Derivation of the Density of States, Effective Mass and Carrier Density of Achiral Carbon Nanotubes," IEEE Trans. on Electron Devices, vol. 55, pp. 289-297 (2008).
D. Akinwande and H.-S. P. Wong, "A Composite Circuit Model for NDR Devices in Random Access Memory Cells," IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, vol. 54, pp. 776-783, 2007.
D. Akinwande, G. F. Close, and H.-S. P. Wong, "Analysis of the Frequency Response of Carbon Nanotube Transistors," IEEE Trans. on Nanotech., vol. 5, pp. 599-605, 2006.
M. Tabib-Azar and D. Akinwande, "Real-time imaging of semiconductor space-charge regions using high-spatial resolution evanescent microwave microscope," Review of Scientific Instruments, vol. 71, p. 1460, 2000.
M. Tabib-Azar, D. Akinwande, G. Ponchak, and S. R. LeClair, "Novel physical sensors using evanescent microwave probes," Review of Scientific Instruments, vol. 70, p. 3381, 1999.
M. Tabib-Azar, D. Akinwande, G. E. Ponchak, and S. R. LeClair, "Evanescent microwave probes on high-resistivity silicon and its application in characterization of semiconductors," Review of Scientific Instruments, vol. 70, p. 3083, 1999.
H. Huang, P.Y. Chen, M. Ferrari, Y. Hu, D. Akinwande, "Dual Band Electrically Small Non-Uniform Pitch
Ellipsoidal Helix Antenna for Cardiac Pacemakers", IEEE Radio & Wireless Symposium, Austin, TX, Jan. 2013
J. H. Lee, K. N. Parrish, Sk. F. Chowdhury, T.-J. Ha, Y. Hao, L. Tao, A. Dodabalapur, R. S. Ruoff, and
D. Akinwande, "State-of-the-art Graphene Transistors on Hexagonal Boron Nitride, High-k, and Polymeric
Films for GHz Flexible Analog Nanoelectronics", IEEE IEDM, San Francisco, CA, Dec. 2012.
H. Huang, P. Zhao, D. Fine, Y. Ren, M. Ferrari, Y. Hu, D. Akinwande, "Bio-compatible Miniaturized
Helix Antenna Sensors For Wireless Drug Delivery Monitoring", First IEEE Healthcare Technology
Conference: Translational Engineering in Health & Medicine, Houston, TX, Nov. 2012.
I. A. D. Williamson, K. N. Parrish, A. Alù, D. Akinwande, “Dielectric Interconnects for THz Chip-to-Chip Communications,” 14th Annual TechCon, Austin, TX, USA, September 11-12, 2012 (Best in Session award).
M. Ramon, K. Parrish, S. Chowdhury, C. Magnuson, H. Movva, R. Ruoff, S. Banerjee, and D. Akinwande, "3GHz Graphene Frequency Doubler on Quartz Operating Beyond the Transit Frequency", 14th Annual TechCon, Austin, TX, USA, September 11-12, 2012 (Best in Session award).
K. N. Parrish, M. E. Ramón, S. K. Banerjee, and D. Akinwande, "A Compact Model for Graphene FETs for Linear and Non-linear Circuit",
IEEE International Conference on Simulation of Semiconductor Processes and Devices (SISPAD), Denver, CO, USA, September 4, 2012.
T.-J. Ha, J. H. Lee, Sk. F. Chowdhury, D. Akinwande, A Dodabalapur,
"Material properties and field-effect transistor characteristics of hybrid organic/graphene active layers",
in Organic Field-Effect Transistors XI, Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 8466, Bellingham, WA, Aug. 2012.
M. Babenco, L. Tao, D. Akinwande, “Graphene Raman imaging and spectroscopy processing: characterization of graphene growth,” in Instrumentation,
Metrology, and Standards for Nanomanufacturing, Optics, and Semiconductors VI, Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 8466, Bellingham, WA, Aug. 2012.
J. H. Lee, A. M. Crook, S. R. Bank, and D. Akinwande, "Electric Field-Effect in ErAs Films Embedded in GaAs," Electronic Materials Conference (EMC), June 2012, PA, USA.
M. E. Ramon, K. N. Parrish, J. Lee, C. W. Magnuson, L. Tao, R. S. Ruoff, S. Banerjee, D. Akinwande, "Graphene Frequency Doubler with Record 3GHz Bandwidth and the Maximum Conversion Gain Prospects", Proc. IEEE International Microwave Symposium (IMS), June 2012.
L. Tao, S. Chang, J. Son, K. Gotrik, C.A. Ross and D. Akinwande, “Sub-20 nm directed self-assembly on a plastic substrate”, 56th International Conference on Electron, Photon, and Ion Beam Technology and Nanofabrication (EIPBN), Waikilowa, HI, May, 2012
J. Lee, L. Tao and Deji Akinwande, “Graphene transistors with record mobilities on polyimide for high-performance flexible nanoelectronics”, 56th International Conference on Electron, Photon, and Ion Beam Technology and Nanofabrication (EIPBN), Waikoloa, HI, May, 2012
L. Tao, M. Holt, H. Chou, J. Lee, R. S. Ruoff, and D. Akinwande, "Wafer-scale synthesis of defect-negligible monolayer graphene at reduced temperature on hydrogen-rich evaporated (111) copper films", APS Meeting, Mar. 2012.
J. Lee, L. Tao, M. Holt, and D. Akinwande, "Implementation of embedded-gate graphene field effect transistors on flexible substrates", APS Meeting, Mar. 2012.
A. Nayak, D. Koh, and D. Akiwnande, “Thickness Dependence of Electrical Breakdown in h-BN dielectric using C-AFM microscopy”, APS Meeting, Mar. 2012.
D. Akinwande, K. N. Parrish, M. E. Ramon, L. Tao, and S. Banerjee, "Wafer-Scale Graphene Technology and GHz Nanoelectronics (Invited)," IEEE ISDRS, Dec. 2011.
L. Tao, J. Lee, M. Holt, and D. Akinwande, "Wafer-scale synthesis and transfer of high quality monolayer graphene for nanoelectronics," IEEE ISDRS, Dec. 2011.
H.-S. P. Wong, S. Mitra, D. Akinwande, et al. " Carbon Nanotube Electronics - Materials, Devices, Circuits, Design, Modeling, and Performance Projection (Invited)," IEEE IEDM, Dec. 2011.
L. Tao, J. Lee, M. Holt and, and D. Akinwande, "Thermal imprint dry transfer of monolayer graphene to arbitrary substrates," MRS fall meeting, Nov. 2011.
A.M. Crook, H. P. Nair, J. H. Lee, D. A. Ferrer, D. Akinwande, and S. R. Bank, "Nanoparticle Seeded Growth of ErAs Films Embedded in GaAs," to be presented at the North American Molecular Beam Epitaxy Conf. (NAMBE), San Diego, CA, Aug 2011.
M. E. Ramón, A. Gupta, C. Corbet, D. A. Ferrer, H.C.P. Movva, G. Carpenter, L. Colombo, G. Bourianoff, M. Doczy, D. Akinwande, E. Tutuc, and S.K. Banerjee, "Graphene Field-Effect Transistors Using Large-Area Monolayer Graphene Grown
by Chemical Vapor Deposition on Co Thin Films," Proc. IEEE Device Research Conference (DRC), pp. 123 - 124, Santa Barbara, CA, July 2011.
H. Huang, K. Nieman, Y. Hu and D. Akinwande, "Electrically Small Folded Ellipsoidal Helix Antenna for Medical Implant Applications," Proc. IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation (APS), pp. 769 - 771, Spokane, WA, July 2011.
L. Tao, J. Lee and D. Akinwande, "Nanofabrication down to 10 nm on a plastic substrate," 55th International Conference on Electron, Ion and Photon Beam Technology and Nanofabrication (EIPBN), Las Vegas, NV, May 30 2011.
S. Fujita, S. Yasuda, D. S. Lee, X. Chen, D. Akinwande, and H.-S. P. Wong, "Detachable nano-carbon chip with ultra low power" in Proc. of the 47th Design Automation Conference (2010). pp. 631-632.
X. Chen, K.-J. Lee, D. Akinwande, G. F. Close, S. Yasuda, B. Paul, S. Fujita, J. Kong, and H.-S. P. Wong, "High-Speed Graphene Interconnects Monolithically Integrated with CMOS Ring Oscillators Operating at 1.3GHz," in IEDM Technical Digest: IEEE, 2009, paper 23.6.
D. Akinwande, J. Liang, and H.-S. P. Wong, "The Device Physics of Experimentally Validated Analytical Theory of Transport in Ballistic Carbon Nanotube Transistors," in American Physical Society APS Meeting, abstract #A36.001 2009.
X. Chen, D. Akinwande, and H.-S. P. Wong, "Contact Resistance, Electrical Breakdown and Temperature-Dependent Conductance of Multi-Wall Carbon Nanotubes," in American Physical Society APS Meeting, abstract #C1.152 2009.
D. Akinwande, S. Yasuda, B. Paul, S. Fujita, G. Close, and H.-S. P. Wong, "Monolithic Integration of CMOS VLSI and CNT for Hybrid Nanotechnology Applications," in European Solid State Device Research Conference, pp. 91-94, 2008.
D. Akinwande, Ada Poon, Teresa Meng, and H.-S. P. Wong, “Adventures with Carbon Nanotubes: 3D Inductors, Capacitors & Antennas, and THz ICs", DARPA/Army Workshop, ARL, Maryland, August (2008).
D. Akinwande, J. Liang, and H.-S. P. Wong, "Analytical Degenerate Carrier Density and Quantum Capacitance for Semiconducting Carbon Nanotubes," in Device Research Conference Digest: IEEE, 2008, pp. 117-118.
S. Yasuda, D. Akinwande, G. F. Close, H. S. P. Wong, B. C. Paul, and S. Fujita, "Fault-Tolerant Circuit for Carbon Nanotube Transistors with Si-CMOS Hybrid Circuitry," in IEEE Conf. on Nanotechnology, pp. 684-687 (2008).
D. Akinwande, N. Patil, A. Lin, Y. Nishi, and H.-S. P. Wong, "Full Scale Wafer Growth of Perfectly Aligned Carbon Nanotubes and Aligned Growth Characterization," in Mater. Res. Symp. Spring Meeting, San Francisco, CA (2008).
D. Akinwande, Y. Nishi, and H.-S. P. Wong, "Analytical Model of Carbon Nanotube Electrostatics: Density of States, Effective Mass, Carrier Density, and Quantum Capacitance," in IEDM Technical Digest: IEEE, pp. 753-756 (2007).
D. Akinwande and I. Martinez-Garcia, "The Superplanar Combiner: A Novel Parallel Combiner and Divider," in Electronic Components and Technology Conference, pp. 154-157 (2007).
D. Akinwande, "Comparative analysis of lumped and distributed reflective shunt attenuators," in IEEE International Symposium on Electron Devices for Microwave and Optoelectronic Applications, pp. 198-203 (2003).
G. E. Ponchak, D. Akinwande, R. Ciocan, S. R. LeClair, and M. Tabib-Azar, "Evanescent microwave probes using coplanar waveguide and stripline for super-resolution imaging of materials," in IEEE MTT International Microwave Symposium, pp. 1859-1862 (1999).
United States Patent: X. Qin, D. Akinwande, J. P. Stephens, R. Zinmaster, and J. Clatterbaugh, "Electrical interconnection for high-frequency devices," H01P001/04 ed, U. S. Patent Office (2003).